Avian flu, also known as H5N1, is a type of influenza that affects birds. The latest outbreak in the United States started in 2022, affecting not only birds in 48 states but also more than 200 mammals.
Is H5N1 a threat to humans?
It is important to stress that the threat to humans is currently low and is limited to those who have direct contact with infected birds or livestock. However, there is concern for humans becoming infected as prior outbreaks around the world indicate it can be fatal in about half of cases.
One case of H5N1 bird flu infection was reported in a person from Colorado in April 2022. That person had direct exposure to poultry and reported fatigue for a few days as their only symptom. The patient fully recovered.
Avian flu made the news again in 2024 when the H5N1 virus was detected in and spreading among U.S. dairy cows. Three dairy workers who had close contact with infected cows experienced the symptoms of watery eyes or conjunctivitis (eye redness), while one of the three also had respiratory symptoms. They were all treated successfully with the antiviral drug oseltamivir and isolated at home.
How is it contracted?
The three cases were cow-to-person spread only, likely through direct exposure at work. There has been no spread from one infected person to another.
Is there a concern with the egg and milk supply?
While avian flu has affected birds and cows in the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) state there are NO concerns with the safety of the commercial milk supply because products are pasteurized, and dairies are required to only use milk from healthy animals. The USDA also reports that avian flu is not transmitted by eating properly prepared poultry or eggs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state health departments will continue to monitor and test animals and humans who are exposed to sick animals.
Is treatment available for avian flu?
Yes, antivirals such as oseltamivir and zanamivir used to treat seasonal influenza can be used to treat H5N1 infections, yet the threat to humans is low.
Can it be prevented?
Currently there is no vaccine for H5N1, and seasonal influenza vaccines will not prevent the H5N1 bird flu virus. Vaccines against H5N1 bird flu may become available in the future if needed.
It is recommended that individuals avoid contact with poultry that appear ill or are dead and avoid contact with surfaces contaminated by the animals. Workers should minimize direct contact by wearing gloves and washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after touching birds. In addition, personal protective equipment may be needed in certain circumstances.
Cooking poultry and eggs to 165 degrees Fahrenheit kills bacteria and viruses, including the H5N1 virus. It is recommended to consume only pasteurized dairy products.
While the risk to humans not exposed to birds or livestock is low at this time, stay tuned to the news or check the CDC website for updated information on avian flu.
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